Indonesian
e-ambiguity
/e/ → e (stressed syllables); ə (unstressed syllables)
Phonology reference
International Phonetic Alphabet across languages
Explore how multiple languages map onto the standard IPA grid. Each cell shows the canonical IPA placeholder alongside the phonemes attested in Indonesian, Korean, and Arabic.
Language key
-
Indonesian
Latin script • IND
Borrowed /f v z ʃ/ occur mainly in loans.
-
Korean
Hangul script • KOR
-
Arabic
Arabic script • ARB
Short vowels typically unwritten.
Consonant chart
Rows show manner of articulation; columns show place of articulation.
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Pharyngeal
Glottal
Labial-velar
Plosive
- IND p, b
- KOR ㅂ, ㅍ, ㅂ, ㅃ
- ARB ب
- ARB ت, د, ط, ض
- IND t, d
- KOR ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㄸ
- IND k, g
- KOR ㄱ, ㅋ, ㄱ, ㄲ
- ARB ك
- ARB ق
- IND ʔ
- ARB ء
Nasal
- IND m
- KOR ㅁ
- ARB م
- IND n
- KOR ㄴ
- ARB ن
- IND ny
- IND ng
- KOR ㅇ
Trill
- IND r
- ARB ر
Tap/Flap
- KOR ㄹ
Fricative
- IND f, v
- ARB ف
- ARB ث, ذ, ظ
- IND s, z
- KOR ㅅ, ㅆ
- ARB س, ص, ز
- IND ʃ
- KOR ㅅ
- ARB ش
- ARB خ, غ
- ARB ح, ع
- IND h
- KOR ㅎ
- ARB ه
Lateral fricative
Approximant
- IND y
- KOR ㅣ
- ARB ي
- IND w
- KOR ㅗ
- ARB و
Lateral approximant
- IND l
- KOR ㄹ
- ARB ل
Affricate
- IND c, j
- KOR ㅈ, ㅊ, ㅉ
- ARB ج
Vowel chart
Rows represent vowel height; columns represent vowel backness.
Front
Near-front
Central
Near-back
Back
Close
- IND i
- KOR ㅣ
- ARB ِ, ي, ي
- IND u
- KOR ㅡ ㅜ
- ARB ُ, و, و
Near-close
Close-mid
- IND e
- KOR ㅔ
- IND o
- KOR ㅗ
Mid
- IND e
Open-mid
- KOR ㅐ
- KOR ㅓ
Near-open
Open
- IND a
- KOR ㅏ
- ARB َ, ا
Notable realisations
Korean
intersonorant voicing
/p/ → b (between voiced sounds); p̚ (syllable-final)